The Scourge of Drug Addiction and Drug Peddling: Examining the Nigerian Response

By David Akoji

Drug addiction and illicit drug trafficking have become two of the most dangerous threats confronting Nigeria today. Once perceived primarily as a public health concern, the menace has evolved into a major national security, economic, and social development challenge. From the streets of Lagos to rural communities in the North-East, North West, including many states across Nigeria and the nation’s border towns, illicit drugs are destroying lives, weakening families, fuelling violent crimes, and undermining Nigeria’s aspirations for sustainable development.

The statistics are alarming. According to the landmark National Drug Use Survey conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in collaboration with the Nigerian government, approximately 14.3 million Nigerians between the ages of 15 and 64, representing 14.4 percent of the population, use psychoactive substances, a prevalence significantly higher than the global average. Of even greater concern is that nearly three million Nigerians suffer from drug use disorders requiring treatment, while only a small fraction has access to rehabilitation and professional care.

The challenge is not merely about numbers. It is about the future of a nation whose greatest asset is its youthful population.

The most commonly abused substances include cannabis, tramadol, codeine, methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin and various synthetic drugs. Prescription medicines, particularly opioids, are increasingly being abused, while criminal syndicates continue to exploit Nigeria’s strategic location as both a transit and destination country for illicit narcotics.

To its credit, Nigeria has intensified enforcement over the past few years. The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), under the leadership of Brigadier General Mohammed Buba Marwa (Rtd.), has recorded unprecedented seizures of illicit drugs, destruction of cannabis plantations, arrests and convictions of traffickers, interception of international drug syndicates, and the expansion of the “War Against Drug Abuse (WADA)” advocacy campaign. The agency has also strengthened collaboration with National Orientation Agency as well as international partners, including UNODC, INTERPOL and neighbouring countries.

While these enforcement successes deserve commendation, they represent only one side of the equation.

Drug Abuse and Nigeria’s Insecurity

Perhaps the most disturbing dimension of Nigeria’s drug crisis is its direct relationship with insecurity.

Drug abuse has become an enabler of terrorism, banditry, kidnapping, cultism, armed robbery and violent crime. Security agencies have repeatedly reported that many arrested kidnappers, insurgents, violent criminals and armed robbers were either under the influence of narcotic substances during operations or depended on drugs to sustain their criminal activities.

Illicit drug trafficking equally provides substantial financial resources to organised criminal networks. Drug proceeds facilitate arms procurement, money laundering and recruitment into violent groups, thereby strengthening criminal enterprises that continue to threaten national security. Recent policy discussions by both UNODC and Nigerian authorities increasingly recognise drug trafficking as a national security issue rather than solely a criminal justice concern.

The implication is profound: Nigeria cannot successfully defeat insecurity without simultaneously confronting drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking.

The Youth Are Paying the Highest Price

Nigeria’s youthful population bears the greatest burden of this epidemic.

Drug addiction contributes to school dropout, declining academic performance, unemployment, mental illness, violent behaviour, road traffic accidents and suicide. Many young people become trapped in cycles of dependency that rob them of productivity during the most economically active years of their lives.

Studies have consistently found particularly high rates of substance abuse among students and young adults, with cannabis, codeine and tramadol featuring prominently. Poverty, unemployment, peer pressure, family instability and social media influences continue to fuel experimentation and eventual addiction. (PMC⁠)

Every young Nigerian lost to addiction represents diminished human capital for a country seeking economic transformation.

Women Are Increasingly Vulnerable

Although men constitute the majority of drug users, women are increasingly affected in ways that often remain hidden.

Women who suffer substance use disorders face intense stigma, making them less likely to seek treatment. Drug dependency among women contributes to maternal health complications, domestic violence, family disintegration, child neglect and increased vulnerability to sexual exploitation and human trafficking.

UNODC estimates indicate that while women constitute roughly one quarter of Nigeria’s drug-using population, they account for only a tiny proportion of those receiving treatment, highlighting a significant treatment gap.

A truly effective national response must therefore include gender sensitive rehabilitation services that address the unique challenges confronting women and girls.

The Cost to National Development

Drug addiction imposes enormous economic costs on Nigeria.

Government resources are diverted towards law enforcement, incarceration, healthcare and rehabilitation instead of productive investments. Businesses lose billions through reduced productivity, workplace accidents and absenteeism. Families are impoverished by medical expenses and loss of income, while communities suffer declining social cohesion.

The drug crisis also discourages foreign investment by reinforcing perceptions of insecurity and organised crime.

No country can sustain economic growth while a significant proportion of its productive population battles addiction.

Lessons from Western Countries

Several Western countries have confronted serious drug epidemics and offer valuable lessons for Nigeria.

Portugal fundamentally reformed its drug policy in 2001 by treating addiction primarily as a public health issue rather than simply a criminal offence. Instead of relying almost exclusively on imprisonment, the country invested heavily in treatment, counselling, rehabilitation, education and social reintegration. The result has been reductions in problematic drug use, HIV infections linked to injecting drug use and drug-related deaths.

Iceland adopted an entirely different preventive approach focused on children and adolescents. Through strong parental engagement, expanded sports and recreational programmes, school based interventions and community partnerships, youth drug and alcohol use declined dramatically over two decades.

The United States, after years of relying predominantly on punitive approaches, has increasingly expanded addiction treatment, prescription drug monitoring, overdose prevention, mental health services and community based recovery programmes in response to the opioid crisis.

These examples demonstrate an important principle: lasting success comes from balancing strong law enforcement with prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration.

The Way Forward

Nigeria requires a comprehensive national strategy that addresses both supply and demand.

First, government should significantly expand access to affordable rehabilitation and treatment centres across all states.

Second, drug education should become compulsory throughout primary, secondary and tertiary institutions, with emphasis on life skills, mental health awareness and peer resistance.

Third, greater investment should be made in youth employment, vocational training and entrepreneurship, recognising that economic hopelessness often drives substance abuse.

Fourth, intelligence sharing among the NDLEA, Police, Customs, Immigration, Financial Intelligence Unit and other security agencies should be further strengthened to dismantle organised trafficking networks.

Fifth, border surveillance must be enhanced through modern technology, drones, biometric systems and coordinated regional cooperation with neighbouring countries.

Sixth, stricter regulation of pharmaceutical supply chains is necessary to prevent diversion of prescription opioids and controlled medicines into illegal markets.

Seventh, communities, religious institutions, traditional rulers, schools, civil society organisations and families must become active partners in prevention. Drug abuse cannot be defeated by government alone.

Finally, Nigeria should invest substantially in research, nationwide drug surveillance systems and evidence based policymaking to ensure that interventions remain responsive to emerging trends.

Conclusion

Drug addiction and drug trafficking constitute a silent national emergency. Their consequences extend far beyond individual users to affect national security, public health, economic growth and social stability.

Nigeria has demonstrated commendable resolve through intensified law enforcement. Yet sustainable victory will require equal commitment to prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, education and socio-economic empowerment.

The fight against drugs is ultimately a fight for Nigeria’s future. Saving millions of young Nigerians from addiction today is not merely a health intervention, it is an investment in national security, economic prosperity and sustainable development.

History will judge this generation not simply by the quantity of drugs seized or traffickers arrested, but by whether it succeeded in protecting the nation’s greatest resource: its people.